A big “thank you” is due to Hanna (who are you? Why not add yourself to our little map and tell us about your research?) who brought Transcriva to my attention - a lovely little Mac application for transcription. It costs $19.99 but you can try it out with few limitations and it works better in some ways than the software I had been using - Transana - in a number of respects (though Transana does much more than transcription alone). She also reminded me of the existence of Express Scribe which was a commercial product and is now free. It is available in both Windows and Mac versions and claims that it, “works with speech recognition software such as Dragon Naturally Speaking to automatically convert speech to text” which is, of course, the holy grail for transcribers. I wouldn’t expect an interview to work though since you would have two different speakers and background noise to contend with. Windows users may also want to check out Dictation Buddy but it costs $33 and as far as I can tell doesn’t offer any important advantages over Express Scribe.

Or of course if you have the money you can always farm your transcription out to Katwa or another commercial transcribing company (for $50 per hour of transcribed audio). Since it takes around 4 hours (for me at least) to transcribe an hour of audio it may well be worth considering!

Update: I spoke too soon - you should still keep an eye on Transcriva (and Transana is still in Alpha for the Mac so if you are a Mac user you have to ask the programmers for a copy) but I am going back to Transana for the moment as Transcriva has some niggling irritations (eg it doesn’t handle recordings longer than 1hr well for example and doesn’t let you do any text formatting as you type to indicate emphasis).

The MECCSA Postgraduate Network is a great idea - bringing together media PhD students from across the UK who would otherwise rarely if ever meet. I had a great time and met some interesting people I would never have run across if I hadn’t gone. If you are a PhD student based in the UK (or think you might become one by next year) you should definitely think about going to next year’s one in Ulster…

Many librarians (and academics) are accustomed to being somewhat snobbish about the Internet and often rightly so. Historically it has been great at providing stuff dealing with current events and issues but it has tended to have a lousy “memory”. If you want to know what people wrote and thought prior to 1998 or so, you normally need to consult a library.
This is now starting to change. In 2003 there was a flurry of announcements from Amazon, Google and others about making the full text of books available online and searchable. I confess I assumed most of this would be out of copyright not very useful texts but Google Print just (covertly) made it possible to search just the books they have scanned in (thanks Google Blog!) and a search for major theorists like my old friend Bourdieu shows a lot of good, ‘major league’ academic books are now there. I also stumbled across some entertaining recreational reading…

It’s harder to tell what Amazon has got as it mixes search by author and title etc with keyword search using the same form. Note - this only works if you search via Amazon.com (the US site) - it isn’t available through Amazon UK yet.

Of course even if you find a book you want to read via Google Print you have to read it on screen or print it out one page at a time. Amazon only lets you read a few pages from any one book as a taster.

P.S. If the book you want isn’t available in full text, a Yahoo or Google search for a book title may tell you which university or public libraries it is available at.

Update: I didn’t realise that Google like Amazon will only let you see a few pages at a time from any of the books you find if that book is still in copyright.

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I innocently thought I would apply Foucault’s concept of Technologies of the Self to personal weblogging (since it seems to me the personal weblog has a lot in common with the self-reflexive and discursive practices Foucault outlined late in his life). Unfortunately, I immediately stumbled into a bog of academic debate from which I am struggling to extricate myself. Little did I realise how contentious Foucault’s ideas about self are - particularly among feminists. Made me feel a bit like Mary Hudock who defines Technologies of the Self thus:

Foucault’s phrase ‘technologies of the self’ refers to ways in which people put forward, and police, their ’selves’ in society; and the ways in which they are enabled or constrained in their use of different techniques by available and disenchanting discourses where the geometric flux abdicates the signifier, leaving us even further removed from any coherent sense of “self” and with our heads on the floor after downing a whole bottle of Jack Daniels in search of the ever-elusive transendental signifier that just might, just might, lead to a sense of self.

I am not sure that even my Finger Foucault can help me now… Maybe I should have stuck with Bourdieu after all!

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Yes I know that transcribing your own interviews is ‘good for you’ (makes you listen closely again to what was said, captures the nuance of how they said it etc) but if you have a non-PhD project that involves lots of interviews and you can’t face all that work yourself, there are people who will do it for you. And other people who use such services who have already tried them out. I asked the author of one of the comments to the post above - Doug Kaye of IT Conversations - who it was he found that did good transcriptions for $50 per hour of transcribed audio and he pointed me to Katwa in India, which specialises in medical transcriptions but obviously does other kinds of transcription ‘on the side’.
Thanks to Boing Boing for the link

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Strangely, many people have asked me for my tips and tricks on literature searching recently. So I thought, hey, I’ll write it down and then point people to the blog instead of describing it again.

This process is intended to produce a relatively comprehensive and systematic review of literature pertaining to your topic or question. It’s a good way to master a new area and locate key articles in a relatively short space of time. It replaces (for me) a lot of fumbling around and hoping I’ve got everything. With this, you won’t get everything but you can be pretty confident you haven’t left anything big out.

This is how it works.

Step One: Choose search strings.
Garbage in, garbage out, as they say. So the first thing to do is identify the area you are searching. Recently, I wrote part of a massive and evil literature review on media literacy, intended to cover all electronic media. I created the following initial search strings:

• “media literacy”
• “television literacy”
• “radio literacy”
• “telephone literacy”
• “film literacy”
• “computer literacy”
• “Internet literacy”

Some of them are stupid, of course (telephone literacy?) but then what do I know about literacy? It was a useful first step, as it turned out.

Step Two: Create initial annotated bibliographies.

This is where computers are really cool. The key tool you need here is EndNote, which LSE provides on its computers and at a rottenly expensive ?70 to its students (but the commercial version is hugely expensive, so what can you do?). Also you need a connection to various academic databases, again which LSE provides.

Then you search for your terms in this general order and export them to EndNote (I’ll explain this in a minute):

1. Books and book chapters. A fabulous way to do this is to use OCLC’s WorldCat, which looks in academic libraries all over the world to see their book listings and brings them to you in exportable format. Lovely. The really great thing about WorldCat is that you get chapter headings for many of the books! So you can finally find that key article in a collected volume. Whoopee! Bad news: the exporting function seems to be really slow and horrible. I’ve found the best way is to export page by page.
2. Articles. I use ISI’s Web of Science as my primary port of call. It indexes everything in the social sciences. But you should also check out the other databases available. Search for your terms, “Mark All” on the list (it’ll do up to 500), go to the “Marked List” page and tick the boxes that say “Abstract” and “Times Cited”. Then export to End Note.

Step Two-A: Exporting to EndNote.
This is cool. Sorry, I just had to say that, because it was a revelation to me when I started to do this. OK: The first thing to do is create a new EndNote file. Call it, for example, media_literacy_ISI. You’ll be creating a lot of EndNote files so a name that includes the search term and the source is helpful. (Also helpful to keep note of what you searched for when in a separate place).

To get the references into EndNote, you first look for the option in your database that says “Export to reference software”. This is on the “marked list” page in ISI and on the search results page in WorldCat. So, press the button. Depending on how your computer is set up, it will either automatically ask you for an EndNote library (point it to the one you just created), or you will have the option to save the results as a file.

If it goes to EndNote automatically, you will be faced with a long list of things called “filters” which makes sure that the bibliography arrives safely, with the author in the author field and not in the title. For WorldCat, choose the “WorldCat” filter from the list; for ISI, choose ISI. Simple.

NOTE: EndNote has lots of filters available, and you can install them (like, I installed a filter for the results from the Digital Dissertations archive). The best place, I’ve found, is the University of Queensland’s library. I love those guys. Also the EndNote site has some, but they are a bit harder to use. It’s pretty difficult to install new filters on the standard LSE configuration because the ‘filters’ folder is locked. If you’re using your own laptop, just save the filter you want to the filters folder and it will show up on the list.

If you saved your results as a file, just choose File/Import, and choose the right filter (as explained above)from the Import Option… list.

Step Three: Print your huge annotated bibliography.
You now probably have several hundred records in your EndNote file. Choose the “Annotated” bibliography format. I print them two pages to a page, double sided. You now have a giant book of abstracts of everything related to your field. It is a horrifying, insuperable amount of information. This is where Step Four comes in.

Step Four: Map your area
I discovered mind-mapping during my MBA, and I swear by it for this particular application. It was developed by Tony Buzan, who wrote a several books about it, and it’s really fairly simple. You basically take the key concepts that you see in your abstracts and link them together visually, one word or phrase per line. Kind of like an outline. So, with “literacy” as my central concept, I had a chain that said “media”, then “purpose”. “Democracy”, “pluralism” and “social justice” were all linked to “purpose”. Here’s an image of the map I made. I also add, after each final key concept (like “democracy”) the author’s name and year in capital letters. That way, when I want to read the article about democracy as the purpose for media literacy, I just look up the author’s name in my handy-dandy EndNote bibliography.

You can see I’ve used a computer to make my map, but I’ve also done them by hand, which Buzan advocates. I used MindManager, which isn’t free. FreeMind, an open-source application that was developed after I bought MindManager also gets great reviews. And it is free. Which is good.

You may want to highlight certain articles. I highlighted the most recent ones, because the review was meant to be a review of recent literature. Another good possibility is highlighting those cited above a certain number of times. If you ticked the “Times Cited” box on your ISI export, this is something you can find out. You can also search ISI to check the citation figures on the books you found in WorldCat, if you’re compulsive. Knock yourself out.

Step Five: Read your articles
You knew it would come to this. This is where the rest of your academic training comes to your aid, and you can put this nasty article away.

William Germano - a publishing director at Routledge - provides some good advice about how to make your dissertation interesting in book form, and some provocative assertions about why dissertations are often dull reads - eg. “The manuscript you produce as a degree requirement needs to demonstrate that you know the history of your field, that you have propitiated various deities, that you’ve found the right giant on whose shoulders you can climb and wave your tiny hat.”
(Thanks to Terri Senft for the link).

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